http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/21888_Wider_Poverty_%28DP39,_March_2002%29.pdf

This paper implements a methodology for estimating poverty in Ecuador, Madagascar and South Africa, at levels of disaggregation that to date have not generally been available. The methodology is based on a statistical procedure to combine household survey data with population census data, imputing into the latter a measure of per capita consumption from the former.